Orthopedic Surgery Interventions

Hip Arthroplasty

Hip arthroplasty is a surgical procedure involving the replacement of a diseased hip with a prosthetic mechanism. This prosthetic aims to provide functional potential similar to a normal hip, thus ensuring optimal quality of life for the patient. The hip joint is anatomically composed of the acetabulum (part of the pelvis) and the femoral head. Hip arthroplasty may involve replacing only the femoral head or both the femoral head and the acetabular cavity. The latter is technically known as total hip arthroplasty in prosthetic surgery.

Hip prosthesis is indicated when joint degeneration causes painful symptoms significantly reducing the patient's autonomy, particularly their ability to stand and walk for extended periods. It's not a poor hip X-ray alone that necessitates surgery, but rather the frequent painful and functional limitations caused by the hip degradation.

Knee Arthroplasty

The objective of knee arthroplasty is pain relief and mobility restoration, enabling patients to enjoy life again. Like the hip, osteoarthritis is incurable. Once articular cartilage is affected by wear and tear, it cannot be repaired.

However, medically, we can try to halt or slow disease progression. We can significantly reduce symptoms, allowing patients to resume daily activities pain-free. Conservative treatment starts with the patient and their lifestyle: weight loss is crucial to avoid excessive strain on the affected joint. In early stages, anti-inflammatory drugs and local injections of anti-inflammatory drugs and hyaluronic acid are helpful. However, as osteoarthritis worsens, quality of life declines, and knee replacement surgery becomes essential.

Hip Fracture

In orthopedics, hip fracture is a severe consequence of falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis. After diagnosis, the patient's overall health is assessed. In rare cases, surgery may be inadvisable due to the patient's condition. Here, comfort and pain management must be weighed against surgical risks.

Most orthopedic and trauma surgeons agree that surgery is the best solution and should be done promptly, usually within 48 hours. However, optimizing overall health before surgery is crucial for patient safety and reduced operative risk.

Surgery reduces pain, enables early mobilization and ambulation, and minimizes risks of pressure sores, thromboses, and pulmonary embolisms associated with bed rest.

Conversely, non-surgical treatment may be considered for patients too ill for anesthesia or those unable to walk before the fracture.

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Clubfoot

Clubfoot is a congenital condition where the foot is turned inward. With treatment, most children can walk, wear shoes, play sports, and participate in activities pain-free. Most clubfoot cases…

The cornerstone of clubfoot treatment is casting using the Ponseti method. This involves a series of casts gently manipulating the foot into a neutral position. Each week, the foot is stretched and cast from toes to groin, progressively improving its position. This typically takes 6-8 weeks. Afterward, a minor Achilles tendon lengthening surgery and casting are needed.

In severe cases, surgery can correct foot position. Metal pins may be used to maintain bone position post-operation, with the foot kept in a cast.

Foot and Ankle Surgery

Foot and ankle surgery is a challenging orthopedic specialty due to the complexity of the surgical areas and anatomical characteristics. The approach is biomechanical, considering the application of mechanics and physics principles. Conditions treated include:

• hallux valgus;
• metatarsalgia;
• bursitis;
• sprains;
• ligament injuries;
• typical injuries from athletic overloading of the ankle;

Spinal Surgery

Spinal surgery has advanced significantly. Advances in implants, instruments, minimally invasive techniques, and computer-assisted surgery are key. Treatment options for herniated discs, vertebral fractures, scoliosis, kyphosis, spondylolisthesis, multiple disc disease, and spinal stenosis have expanded greatly.

Shoulder Surgery

Commonly treated pathologies include rotator cuff tendon lesions, subacromial impingement syndromes, shoulder instability, and removal of loose bodies.

Arthroscopic and minimally invasive approaches better preserve tissues, leading to shorter recovery times.

Trauma surgery addresses fractures of the humerus, acromion, scapula, clavicle dislocations, acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular dislocations, and non-unions, using advanced osteosynthesis techniques.

Hand and Wrist Surgery

Hand and wrist surgery requires multidisciplinary training in orthopedics, traumatology, plastic surgery, and reconstructive microsurgery, along with general surgery training. Collaboration with sports medicine physicians may also be necessary. Hand surgery addresses most pathologies of the area, aiming to restore grasping function. After alternative treatments are considered, necessary surgery is performed. Carpal tunnel surgery is one of the most common procedures.

Orthopedic Procedures

Common orthopedic procedures include:

• Arthroscopy: a minimally invasive technique for joint intervention without large incisions. It's often used diagnostically for knee, shoulder, and ankle issues;
• Prosthetic surgery: prosthetic replacement of hip and knee joints;
• Minimally invasive percutaneous surgery (for foot operations);

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